David Hammons

Toilet Tree

David Hammons is a seminal American artist, whose practice has long engaged with the art historical traditions of dada, the materials of arte povera, and the African-American experience. His earliest works in the 1970s include a series of body prints, rendered with margarine and loose pigments on paper. This approach to material has carried through to a robust sculpture and assemblage practice that embraces the use of animal products and byproducts, elements of the human body, and consumable goods. Hammons imbues the used, discarded, and profane with a sense of sanctity. In doing so, he honors the human experience, and elevates the trappings of everyday life.

Toilet Tree exists in a direct dialogue with Marcel Duchamps 1917 Fountain , a foundational work in the history of conceptual art. Hammons acknowledges this kinship, as noted in the Sothebys catalog for the sale of the work in 2017, where the artist quipped I'm the C.E.O. of the D.O.C.the Duchamp Outpatient Clinic.

Hammons work has been included in exhibitions at the National Portrait Gallery, London; Palazzo Grassi, Venice; and Wiels Centre dArt Contemporain, Brussels among many others. In 2021, with support from the Whitney Museum of American Art, Hammons monumental homage to the late architectonic artist Gordon Matta-Clark, Days End, was permanently installed in New York Citys Hudson River Park along the southern edge of Gansevoort Peninsula.

David Hammons is a seminal American artist, whose practice has long engaged with the art historical traditions of dada, the materials of arte povera, and the African-American experience. His earliest works in the 1970s include a series of body prints, rendered with margarine and loose pigments on paper. This approach to material has carried through to a robust sculpture and assemblage practice that embraces the use of animal products and byproducts, elements of the human body, and consumable goods. Hammons imbues the used, discarded, and profane with a sense of sanctity. In doing so, he honors the human experience, and elevates the trappings of everyday life.

Toilet Tree exists in a direct dialogue with Marcel Duchamps 1917 Fountain , a foundational work in the history of conceptual art. Hammons acknowledges this kinship, as noted in the Sothebys catalog for the sale of the work in 2017, where the artist quipped I'm the C.E.O. of the D.O.C.the Duchamp Outpatient Clinic.

Hammons work has been included in exhibitions at the National Portrait Gallery, London; Palazzo Grassi, Venice; and Wiels Centre dArt Contemporain, Brussels among many others. In 2021, with support from the Whitney Museum of American Art, Hammons monumental homage to the late architectonic artist Gordon Matta-Clark, Days End, was permanently installed in New York Citys Hudson River Park along the southern edge of Gansevoort Peninsula.

David Hammons is a seminal American artist, whose practice has long engaged with the art historical traditions of dada, the materials of arte povera, and the African-American experience. His earliest works in the 1970s include a series of body prints, rendered with margarine and loose pigments on paper. This approach to material has carried through to a robust sculpture and assemblage practice that embraces the use of animal products and byproducts, elements of the human body, and consumable goods. Hammons imbues the used, discarded, and profane with a sense of sanctity. In doing so, he honors the human experience, and elevates the trappings of everyday life.

Toilet Tree exists in a direct dialogue with Marcel Duchamps 1917 Fountain , a foundational work in the history of conceptual art. Hammons acknowledges this kinship, as noted in the Sothebys catalog for the sale of the work in 2017, where the artist quipped I'm the C.E.O. of the D.O.C.the Duchamp Outpatient Clinic.

Hammons work has been included in exhibitions at the National Portrait Gallery, London; Palazzo Grassi, Venice; and Wiels Centre dArt Contemporain, Brussels among many others. In 2021, with support from the Whitney Museum of American Art, Hammons monumental homage to the late architectonic artist Gordon Matta-Clark, Days End, was permanently installed in New York Citys Hudson River Park along the southern edge of Gansevoort Peninsula.

David Hammons

David Hammons

Toilet Tree

Exhibition

Exhibition

Materials & Dimensions

Materials & Dimensions

Ceramic urinal, rubber tube, and plastic rope

Dimensions variable

Year

Year

2004

Site

Site

The Green Gallery, East Side, Milwaukee, WI.

Credits

Credits

Courtesy of the collection of Lonti Elbers.

Maren Hassinger

Pyramid (Monument)

Maren Hassinger

Pyramid (Monument)

Maren Hassinger

Pyramid (Monument)

Geoffrey Hendricks

Sky/Stairs #2 (Milwaukee)

Geoffrey Hendricks

Sky/Stairs #2 (Milwaukee)

Geoffrey Hendricks

Sky/Stairs #2 (Milwaukee)

Rashid Johnson

The Crisis

Rashid Johnson

The Crisis

Rashid Johnson

The Crisis

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Betty Arndt
City of Milwaukee Arts Board
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Heil Family Foundation
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George & Karen Oliver

sculpture

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Sculpture Milwaukee is always free and open to the public thanks to our generous supporters.

We work with trusted community partners to ensure great contemporary art is accessible to all.

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© 2025 Sculpture Milwaukee

thank you

To our generous sponsors, partners, collaborators, and supporters who make our work possible.

Founding & Sustaining
Sponsors

* indicates both Founding and sustaining founding sponsor

Anonymous
Donna & Donald Baumgartner*
Black Box Fund
Evan & Marion Helfaer Foundation
Herb Kohl Philanthropies
Herzfeld Foundation
Hoke Family Foundation
Susan & Mark Irgens*
Mandel Groups*
Mellowes Family*
Sue & Bud Selig*
Julie & David Uihlein*
Lacey Sadoff Foundation

presenting

Collaborator

Betty Arndt
City of Milwaukee Arts Board
Good Karma Brands

leader

Anonymous
Heil Family Foundation
Godfrey & Kahn

Exhibition Partner

Visionary

Evan & Marion Helfaer Foundation

sculpture

Wayne & Lori Morgan

Connector

BMO
Foley & Lardner
Hawks Landscaping
Open Pantry
PNC Bank
PwC
Russ Darrow Group
Town Bank
US Bank
WeycoGroup

Sculpture Milwaukee is always free and open to the public thanks to our generous supporters.

We work with trusted community partners to ensure great contemporary art is accessible to all.

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© 2025 Sculpture Milwaukee